Solid Waste Testing

1. Introduction to Solid Waste

Solid waste refers to: (1) solid, semi-solid, and gaseous substances in containers that are generated during production, daily life, and other activities, which have lost their original value of use or have been discarded or abandoned even if they have not lost their value of use; (2) substances and materials that are classified as solid waste under laws and administrative regulations.

Solid waste testing involves sampling and analyzing solid waste to determine the types and concentrations of pollutants present.

2. Classification of Solid Waste

(1) Based on composition, it can be divided into organic waste and inorganic waste.

(2) Based on physical state, it can be categorized as solid waste, semi-solid waste, and liquid (gaseous) waste. Solid waste includes household garbage, waste tires, and discarded appliances; semi-solid waste includes sludge and sediment; liquid waste includes waste acids, waste oil, and waste solvents; gaseous waste includes gaseous substances in discarded gas cylinders, such as waste煤氣罐 (gas canisters) and waste氫氣罐 (hydrogen canisters).

(3) Based on pollution characteristics, it is classified as hazardous waste and general waste.

(4) Based on source, it can be divided into mining, industrial, municipal, agricultural, and radioactive solid waste.

(5) Based on toxicity, it can be further categorized as toxic and hazardous solid waste (which exhibits toxicity, flammability, corrosivity, reactivity, radioactivity, or infectivity) and non-toxic and harmless solid waste (such as harmless construction and household waste, recyclable or reusable materials, and treated waste that can be converted into harmless substances, including wastewater).

3. Testing Scope

Household waste, agricultural solid waste, industrial solid waste, such as sludge, fly ash, aluminum ash, slag, residues, mining slag, waste liquid, etc.

4. Testing Items

Conventional physical and chemical indicators: moisture content, calorific value, thermal reduction rate, bulk density, physical composition, organic matter content, organic material, total dissolved solids, etc.;

Organic indicators: benzene series, nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, benzo(a)pyrene, benzanthracene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, ethylene oxide, acetone, etc.;

Inorganic indicators: total phosphorus, total nitrogen, pH, cadmium, chromium (hexavalent), mercury, arsenic, selenium, beryllium, nickel, copper, zinc, barium, lead, silver, cobalt, fluorides, etc.;

Pesticide indicators: organophosphorus pesticides, organochlorine pesticides.

5. Relevant Standards

"General Rules for Solid Waste Identification" GB 34330-2017

"Standard for Pollution Control on Municipal Solid Waste Incineration" GB 18485-2014

"Standard for Pollution Control on Municipal Solid Waste Landfill" GB 16889-2008

"Technical Guideline for Pollution Control of Agricultural Solid Waste" HJ 588-2010

"Technical Specification for Pollution Control of Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (Trial)" HJ 1134-2020

"Standard for Pollution Control on Storage and Landfill of General Industrial Solid Waste" GB 18599-2020

"Technical Specification for Sampling and Sample Preparation of Industrial Solid Waste" HJ/T 20-1998